The effect of nozzle design on the coefficient of efflux of automatic sprinklers

EFFECT OF NOZZLE DESIGN ON THE
COEFFICIENT OF EFFLUX OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS

BY
H. M. ALLING
M. F. DANIELS
R. C. DOERING

ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1911

614, 84
At

AT 201
Alling, H. M.

The effect of nozzle design
on the coefficient of

THE EFFECT OF NOZZLE DESIGN ON THE
COEFFICIENT OF EFFLUX OF
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS

A THESIS

PRESENTED BY

H. M. ALLING M. F. DANIELS
R. C. DOERING

TO THE
PRESIDENT AND FACULTY

OF
ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FOR THE DEGREE OF
BA CHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FIRE PROTECTION
ENGINEERING

HAVING COMPLETED THE PRESCRIBED COURSE OF STUDY

FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING

5 a
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PAUL V. GALVIN LIBRARY
35 WEST 33RD STREET

CHICAGO, IL 60616 . SN ez
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Through the Underwriters’ Laboratories, (#207
E. Ohio St: ‘eet, ShApage Illinois,) twenty-nine especially
made automat Le sprinklers were obtained for this work,
A mek of preliminary tests were first run to detsrmine the
“best method of attacking the subject. There were nany
opportunites for error in the test work, but it can
safely be said that any error wiii not be greater than
wit) «. i

2%,

4 or *

A >

We are greatly indebted to the Underwriters’
Laboratories, Inc., where the work was conducted for the
means of carrying out these tests, al.» to Professor
Fitzhugh Taylor and C. R. Alling, Assistant "ngineer

for their adviee.

H. M. A,
q, Fe De
BR. C. D.

Page 2.

INTRODUCTION.

An automatic sprinkler is a mechanical device
designed to operate when subjected to a given high temp-
erature, and thus permit the discharge of water from a
piping system. It is opened by heat acting on a low
fusing point solder and is provided with a means of
throwing the cap and loose parts out of the path of the
water. (This may be done by means of a spring or by the
strain in the frame.) The part considered in this
thesis is the nozzle or the base of the sprinkler through
which the water passes before reaching the seat. (See

Pig's. 3 and 6.)

OBJ=.

THE
TODS The object of the thesis was to find the

effect of different designs of nozzles on the discharge
coefficient of. automatic sprinklers,

4

PRELIMINARY TESTS.

THE OBJECT :~

The object of the preliminary tests was to

aetermine whether or not the end head had the same dis-
-eharge as the other heads on the same sprinkler line.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS: ~

~The water for these tests was supplied by
two electrically driven pumps of 500 and 650 gallons per
minute capacity respectively. Some idea of ths piping
scheme can be obtained from Figure #1. but instead of a

10 ft. Length of horizontal piping-as. shown’ in the Figure,

a 20 ft. length was used. This consisted of two 10 ft.
lengths of 1 inch and 3/4 inch piping, the former being
joined to the 2 inch supply pipe, just beyond a gate
valve, The two lengths of piping were connected by a
standard sprinkler te¢ (1 x 3/4 x 1/2 inch) and the and
of the smaller pine equipped with a standerd cll (3/4 x
1/2 inch). Two similar sprinklers placed in the el} and
tee completed the system.

A brass pipe about 12 inches iong was placed
in the 1 inch pipe line just ahead of the tee, with a
pilezometer ring connection near the end. A %2 inch
mercury manometer was used to read pressures up to 25
lbs., a hose leading from this gauge to the piezometer
ring. A100 1b. Bourdon gauge (calibr. .ed) was placed
on the top of the manometer so that it could be used to
read pressures above 25 lbs.- by merely closing the

._ manometer.

A250 gallon measuring tank (See Figure #1.)
was used to measure the discharge, readings being estimated
to the 1/10 of a gallon. (This had been previously cali-
brated) . A galvanized iron hood was placed over the
head im order to confine and direct the water downward

METHODS EMPLOYED: -

For convenience the end sprinkler was called
"A" and the other "B", A series of tests were first run
(Test #1.) in which both sprinklers were open, the discharge
and pressure (at piezometer) being measured. Ten readings
were taken, the pressure varying from about 5 pounds to
50 pounds at 5 pound intervals. By means of a swing joint
near the valve, the head was pushed over the measuring
tank and allowed to discharge for two minutes, the time
being taken by a stop watch, The pressure in the large
pressure tank was kept at 125 pounds, and for the first
five or six readings this source of svurply was used alone,
but for the higher pressures it was ».:essary to start

the small pump, The desired pressure was obtained by
‘throttling the water supply at the gate valve previously
mentioned. A test was not started until the flow was

constant as indicated by the steadiness of the gauge.

A constant pressure was obtained by discharging the larger
pump against an air cushion in a 4500 gallon pressure
tank, and bleeding the water off, and at the same time
allowing the small pump to discharge directly into the
piping. For the lower pressures, better results were
obtained by using water from the tank alone. Great
care was exercised to see that all the air was out of
the manometer before it was used. All observations
of the discharge were checked at, least twice, or until
three of the values came within 1% of each other.

Having obtained the rate of discharge
from "B" with "A" open, the discharge from "A" was ob=
tained at the same pressures (Test #2) in order to obtain
the total quantity flowing through the 1 inch piezometer.
These valves were used in calculating the velocity pressures.
The third test was run with "B" open and "A" closed the
same observations of pressure and discharge being noted.
Finally a set of readings were taken with "B" closed and
"A" open, to determine whether or not the discharge
from an 6ll was different from that of a tee under the
same conditions.

CALCULATIONS: -

1 inch of mercury~ 1 inch of water = .454
pounds per sq. in.

Diameter of piezometer pipe = 61/64 inch.

)
;
:
-*

MUTE OF CeO i pas

Page #5
Dit RANEY
Che A OCF TEC
Observed pressure * 9.9 inches of mercury.
9.9 x .454 = 4.49 pounds per sq. in.
Test 1. Observed gallons per minute (average) ~ 11.7 (Page #2
; penta
" 22 t " " " " = 10.58
- Total . : | rs A = 22,28
Q2
Velocity pressure = .001126 Tisg P
; d

Where Q = discharge in gallons per minute
ad = diameter of pipe in inches.
| 001126 (22.28)°
(61/64)2_
= .677 pounds per sq. in.
True. pressure = velocity pressure + static pressure,
* 4,49 + .677 = 5.167.

4

Velocity pressure

In this way the true pressure was obtained,
dnd the same was plotted as ordinates, against the discharge
as absec ssa. This was done for Tests 1, 3 anc 4, See
Pages 5 and 6 in Appendix.

CONCLUSIONS: -

By comparison, of the curves of these tests
it was round that they practically coincide, showing that
the discharge from head "B" is practically the same as
from "A", at the same pressure. Further comparison shows
the curve for Test #4 to be the same as for Test #2, which
means that the eddying in the ell has no appreciable dif-
ference from that in the tee,

It was, therefore, decided to run the tests
on the special heads in position "A" with "B” shut off,
merely for the convenience of handling the pipe, as the 10
ft. length of 1 inch piping could be left out.

PRA ARG
STU Th &.

—— ~

BSD Be ON \SRBECIAL HEADS.
BoE S IS ——- —_ —

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS: ~

HEADS: = Tests were run on two differen. types
of heads, namely the Grinnell, made by the General Fire
Extinguisher Co. of Providence, R. I. and the manufacturers
made by the Automatic Sprinkler Co. of America, New ~ :rk,
New York. Seven special heads were made by the former
company varying in the inlet diameter only (dimension
A Pig. 3, page 2 Appendix). (Sections of the base of these
heads are shown in Fig.. 4, page 3 Appendix, Dimensions
are given in Appendix, page #34.) The same frame and
diaphragm were used in all the tests toavoid any varia-
tion in discharge «ue to these paris. Twenty-two special

* Manufacturers heads were made, part of which varied in

inlet diameters and part in the width of the. collar forming
the ring nozzle. (Dimensions B and D in Fig. #6, page 4
Appendix. The dimensions of these heads are given in
Appendix page #34.)

The pumps, gauges, and measuring tank were the
same as used in the preliminary tests and described on
page #3. “ne piping consisted of the 3/4 inch length
(10 ft. om. including the piezometer connection) ex
tending out from the wall as shown in Fic. #1. The heads
were serew:i into place in a 3/4 x 1/2 inch reducing elbow
in the end of the pipe as previously done.

METHOD EMPLOYED; -

The method employed was similar to that used in
the preliminary tests; namely the pressure was adjusted
and allowed to become constant, and the head pushed over
the measuring tank for a 2 minute run. Ten observations
were taken, at pressures ranging from 5 to 50 ibs. at 5
lbs, steps. (The lower pressures were approximated on

the mercury gauge). At least three sets of readings

#ere taken for each pressure, and more if they did not
check within 1%.

The velocity pressure was calculated, °° get

the true pressure. Curves were plotted, with pressure

as ordinates and discharge in gallons per minute as

~abscissae,. The coefficient of efflux was calculated,

for each of the heads.

are. Sa
aay a a

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cites 7 ote sd oni e

7 “9

sa

+ “at aod ce hed.

se Page #7.
CALCULATION: -

Piezomete pipe dienekae = 13/16 inch.
Pressure in inches of mercury (observed) = 10.4 (Page 25 ppendix)
" pounds per square inch = 10.4 x .454 = 4,73
Gallons per minute = 15.55
Velocity pressure * cout: @* = ponze tS:

a (2.
= 6625 -
True pressure = .625 + 4.735 * 5.355 Lbs. per sq. in,

a Cy. tot
Coefficient of efflux Stes

“al gals gee ween} % 1 996 KIA
eo xTr ¥T™ hiweies} x 8.24 x 1.52 Yies ga sqm

in .06636 @ bgtts/mvn }
¥*% fan \ T Ws), ant

r= radius of pipe.

Gallons per minute = 15.55
r= .251 inches,

‘pea 5 eae

CONCLUSIONS: =
GRINNELL HEADS.

The inlet diameter being the only variable
dimension in the Grinnell heads,any difference in the
curves or coefficients can be laid to this fact alone.
Upon inspection,the discharge curves seem to vary inverse-
ly as the inlet diameter; that is the sprinkler with the
largest inlet diameter has the smallest delivery and
conversely the sprinkier with the smallest diameter
has the largest flow. This relation is not. constant
for several heads dispute this relation.

The coefficient of efflux seem to very to
such an extent that no conclusion can be dram, The
cosfficients for each head seem to reach a maximum at the
first rs gradually drop and finally rise a small
amount .

lage #6,

MANUFACTURERS $ZApS.
"i ~)) ©) By comparison, of the curv¥@s ofthe several
‘| heads, tt is found that the discharge has a tendency
_ to decraase, as the inict diameter increases. In the
~ five heads, wh.ch have a common width of collar, and
") a varying inlet dismeter the coefficient of efflux varies
- as Pollowa:-

_%

s

- No. of heac. Inlet diameter. Maximum value coef.of Efflux.

ef ¢ 7 «532” « 762
eaiatiaits 6 | 598" ©7111
Suk 3 350" - 692
FS Se 11 - 662" -686
tr : 2: ~690 oO? The

It can bo readily seen that the coefficient
Grops as the inlet diameter decreases.

Seventeen of these heads had a constant
inlet diameter with a varying length of collar. Studying
the curves, it is seem tiat the discharge increases as
the length of collar inc.vases, The coefficient of
efflux has a tendency to increase with the Length of
collar, although it. is not constant. The coefficient
of efflux wlso varies as the pressure on any one head,
This relation is also very uncertain, the curve deing
very erretic for every head. (For this reason the curves
were not plotted).

The peculiar thing noted in these curves
is the way five of them drop down whem a certain pressure
is reached, Upon investigation it vas found that these
five curves dropped consecutively alemg the curve and that
the length of collar was proportionally longer.
These five curves were plictted on ome sheet (See page
#iga- Appendix) to show more clearly the phenomena. They
all seem to start abort the same potnt and finish together.
A reason for this action was logkéd for and it was decided
Theat hia dwop wm discharge at a csrtain pressure was
due to the sdge of the jet leaving the wall of the nozzie.
So accordingly as the length of the col! r was increased, .
it. vould require a nigher pressure to o&. +8 thse jet to
flow without couching the nozzle which was shown to be
true by the curves. This being the case, thy did
not the other heads show *his phenomena? Upon examining

to 4

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108

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¢ dimensions further it was noted that the other heads

(exclusive of the five previously mentioned) had longer
or shorter collars, — It, was decided that the sprinklers
with the shorter collars would have shown this action

if careful observations had been taken at low pressures
{belor five pounds), and the heads with longer collars
would have Shown it if hisher pressures had been used
(above 50 pounds) To show this a curve was plotted
(page #19) with pressures as absciasat and length of
collar as ordinates. The pressure taken was the point
at which it appeared to drop off, which was not very
definite, If more readings had been taken at lower and
higher pressures this curve would have been more definitely
defined, As it is, however, it appears from the curve
that the inlét diameter would govern the discharge at a
pressure of 85 lbs. if no collar was present. - Over
twice this pressure is very often obtained in high
‘buildings. Because of lack of time, this work could

mot be more fully carried out, but it leads to conclusion
that all the heads would show tnis dip if complete tests
were run,

Ve 2

al ee

P99 @ 7.

Frq, ig

F-age x,

The Grinnell Sprinkler Head.

T ge

Fig. 3:

P2ge tS

ae

Page F,

The Manufacturers Sprinkler Head.

Fig. 5.

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Page 34
DIMENSIONS OF HEADS.

Grinnell Heads.

Head Orifice Inlet Diameter.
Standard----~,499"--—~—-.--~. 7505"
fl ------~~ Neen ee ebo7"
RB anne Meee mn wnm nn - 695"
3 a---n ne N ane nnn e 53a"
4 | Senne pep eee a LE a | 570"
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ra) ae ae ~503"--— ,.690"--1 01a "——oAl10"
3 -------- 2 508"—-—— .630"-~1 .220"~—.210"
4 --~--~-- »-5035"-~-.567"---1.220"-—.589"
5 a epee =p -504"-~~ .565"--1 220" ——.405"
6 ---~---- -503"---~.598"--1.220"--.202"
7 -------- 0503". 532"—--1 .220"—-—-.210"
8 -------- »505"--- .565"~-1 .220"-—. 852"
Q a= »504"~-~. 566"~-1 .220"--.655"
10 ~------- 504" --— , 565%--1 .222"%—-- 12735"
ll ---~----- 0 505"--- .662"—-1.231"--.210"
12 --~----- -503"--—.565"-~1.221"-—-.158"
13 -------- -504"--~,565"—-1 .220"--. 473"
14 --------- ¢ 503"---.566"--1.221"--.5351"
15 ----~--- °505"--—. 567"--1 .220"--.7384"
16 em ap hee -503"--—. 566"—--1.220"-~.721"
-17 -------- © 503"---.567"--1 .222"--.908"
18 -------- -505"--— .555"--1 .220"%--.2135"
19 -------- -504"--- .567"--1.220"-1.034"
BQ -------- - 504"--- .566"--1.221"--.096"
81 -------- + 504"--- .568"--1 .220"-—.965"

22 -------- »504"---~ .566"--1 .221"--.343"

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